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1 | // -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- | ||
2 | // vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4: | ||
3 | // | ||
4 | // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright © DuMux Project contributors, see AUTHORS.md in root folder | ||
5 | // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later | ||
6 | // | ||
7 | /*! | ||
8 | * \file | ||
9 | * \ingroup Components | ||
10 | * \brief Properties of mesitylene. | ||
11 | */ | ||
12 | #ifndef DUMUX_MESITYLENE_HH | ||
13 | #define DUMUX_MESITYLENE_HH | ||
14 | |||
15 | #include <dumux/material/idealgas.hh> | ||
16 | #include <dumux/material/constants.hh> | ||
17 | |||
18 | #include <dumux/material/components/base.hh> | ||
19 | #include <dumux/material/components/liquid.hh> | ||
20 | #include <dumux/material/components/gas.hh> | ||
21 | |||
22 | namespace Dumux::Components { | ||
23 | |||
24 | /*! | ||
25 | * \ingroup Components | ||
26 | * \brief mesitylene | ||
27 | * | ||
28 | * \tparam Scalar The type used for scalar values | ||
29 | */ | ||
30 | template <class Scalar> | ||
31 | class Mesitylene | ||
32 | : public Components::Base<Scalar, Mesitylene<Scalar> > | ||
33 | , public Components::Liquid<Scalar, Mesitylene<Scalar> > | ||
34 | , public Components::Gas<Scalar, Mesitylene<Scalar> > | ||
35 | { | ||
36 | using Consts = Constants<Scalar>; | ||
37 | using IdealGas = Dumux::IdealGas<Scalar>; | ||
38 | public: | ||
39 | /*! | ||
40 | * \brief A human readable name for the mesitylene | ||
41 | */ | ||
42 |
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22 | static std::string name() |
43 |
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22 | { return "mesitylene"; } |
44 | |||
45 | /*! | ||
46 | * \brief The molar mass in \f$\mathrm{[kg/mol]}\f$ of mesitylene | ||
47 | */ | ||
48 | constexpr static Scalar molarMass() | ||
49 | { return 0.120; } | ||
50 | |||
51 | /*! | ||
52 | * \brief Returns the critical temperature \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ of mesitylene | ||
53 | */ | ||
54 | constexpr static Scalar criticalTemperature() | ||
55 | { return 637.3; } | ||
56 | |||
57 | /*! | ||
58 | * \brief Returns the critical pressure \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ of mesitylene | ||
59 | */ | ||
60 | constexpr static Scalar criticalPressure() | ||
61 | { return 31.3e5; } | ||
62 | |||
63 | /*! | ||
64 | * \brief Returns the temperature \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ at mesitylene's boiling point (1 atm). | ||
65 | */ | ||
66 | constexpr static Scalar boilingTemperature() | ||
67 | { return 437.9; } | ||
68 | |||
69 | /*! | ||
70 | * \brief Returns the temperature \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ at mesitylene's triple point. | ||
71 | */ | ||
72 | static Scalar tripleTemperature() | ||
73 | { | ||
74 | DUNE_THROW(Dune::NotImplemented, "tripleTemperature for mesitylene"); | ||
75 | } | ||
76 | |||
77 | /*! | ||
78 | * \brief Returns the pressure \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ at mesitylene's triple point. | ||
79 | */ | ||
80 | static Scalar triplePressure() | ||
81 | { | ||
82 | DUNE_THROW(Dune::NotImplemented, "triplePressure for mesitylene"); | ||
83 | } | ||
84 | |||
85 | /*! | ||
86 | * \brief The saturation vapor pressure in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ of | ||
87 | * pure mesitylene at a given temperature according to | ||
88 | * Antoine after Betz 1997, see Gmehling et al 1980 | ||
89 | * | ||
90 | * \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ | ||
91 | */ | ||
92 | 7620687 | static Scalar vaporPressure(Scalar temperature) | |
93 | { | ||
94 | 7620687 | const Scalar A = 7.07638; | |
95 | 7620687 | const Scalar B = 1571.005; | |
96 | 7620687 | const Scalar C = 209.728; | |
97 | |||
98 | 7620687 | const Scalar T = temperature - 273.15; | |
99 | |||
100 | using std::pow; | ||
101 |
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7620687 | return 100 * 1.334 * pow(Scalar(10.0), Scalar(A - (B / (T + C)))); |
102 | } | ||
103 | |||
104 | |||
105 | /*! | ||
106 | * \brief Specific enthalpy of liquid mesitylene \f$\mathrm{[J/kg]}\f$. | ||
107 | * | ||
108 | * \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ | ||
109 | * \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ | ||
110 | */ | ||
111 | 3779288 | static Scalar liquidEnthalpy(const Scalar temperature, | |
112 | const Scalar pressure) | ||
113 | { | ||
114 | // Gauss quadrature rule: | ||
115 | // Interval: [0K; temperature (K)] | ||
116 | // Gauss-Legendre-Integration with variable transformation: | ||
117 | // \int_a^b f(T) dT \approx (b-a)/2 \sum_i=1^n \alpha_i f( (b-a)/2 x_i + (a+b)/2 ) | ||
118 | // with: n=2, legendre -> x_i = +/- \sqrt(1/3), \apha_i=1 | ||
119 | // here: a=273.15K, b=actual temperature in Kelvin | ||
120 | // \leadsto h(T) = \int_273.15^T c_p(T) dT | ||
121 | // \approx 0.5 (T-273.15) * (cp( 0.5(temperature-273.15)sqrt(1/3) ) + cp(0.5(temperature-273.15)(-1)sqrt(1/3)) | ||
122 | |||
123 | // Enthalpy may have arbitrary reference state, but the empirical/fitted heatCapacity function needs Kelvin as input and is | ||
124 | // fit over a certain temperature range. This suggests choosing an interval of integration being in the actual fit range. | ||
125 | // I.e. choosing T=273.15K as reference point for liquid enthalpy. | ||
126 | using std::sqrt; | ||
127 | 3779288 | const Scalar sqrt1over3 = sqrt(1./3.); | |
128 | // evaluation points according to Gauss-Legendre integration | ||
129 | 3779288 | const Scalar TEval1 = 0.5*(temperature-273.15)* sqrt1over3 + 0.5*(273.15+temperature); | |
130 | // evaluation points according to Gauss-Legendre integration | ||
131 | 3779288 | const Scalar TEval2 = 0.5*(temperature-273.15)* (-1)* sqrt1over3 + 0.5*(273.15+temperature); | |
132 | |||
133 | 3779288 | const Scalar h_n = 0.5 * (temperature-273.15) * ( liquidHeatCapacity(TEval1, pressure) + liquidHeatCapacity(TEval2, pressure) ); | |
134 | |||
135 | 3779288 | return h_n; | |
136 | } | ||
137 | |||
138 | /*! | ||
139 | * \brief Latent heat of vaporization for mesitylene \f$\mathrm{[J/kg]}\f$. | ||
140 | * | ||
141 | * source : Reid et al. (1987, Chen method (chap. 7-11, Delta H_v = Delta H_v (T) according to chap. 7-12)) \cite reid1987 | ||
142 | * | ||
143 | * \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ | ||
144 | * \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ | ||
145 | */ | ||
146 | 1889644 | static Scalar heatVap(Scalar temperature, | |
147 | const Scalar pressure) | ||
148 | { | ||
149 | using std::min; | ||
150 | using std::max; | ||
151 |
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1889644 | temperature = min(temperature, criticalTemperature()); // regularization |
152 |
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1889644 | temperature = max(temperature, 0.0); // regularization |
153 | |||
154 | 1889644 | constexpr Scalar T_crit = criticalTemperature(); | |
155 | 1889644 | constexpr Scalar Tr1 = boilingTemperature()/criticalTemperature(); | |
156 | 1889644 | constexpr Scalar p_crit = criticalPressure(); | |
157 | |||
158 | // Chen method, eq. 7-11.4 (at boiling) | ||
159 | using std::log; | ||
160 | 1889644 | const Scalar DH_v_boil = Consts::R * T_crit * Tr1 * (3.978 * Tr1 - 3.958 + 1.555*log(p_crit * 1e-5 /*Pa->bar*/ ) ) | |
161 | / (1.07 - Tr1); /* [J/mol] */ | ||
162 | |||
163 | /* Variation with temp according to Watson relation eq 7-12.1*/ | ||
164 | using std::pow; | ||
165 | 1889644 | const Scalar Tr2 = temperature/criticalTemperature(); | |
166 | 1889644 | const Scalar n = 0.375; | |
167 | 1889644 | const Scalar DH_vap = DH_v_boil * pow(((1.0 - Tr2)/(1.0 - Tr1)), n); | |
168 | |||
169 | 1889644 | return (DH_vap/molarMass()); // we need [J/kg] | |
170 | } | ||
171 | |||
172 | |||
173 | /*! | ||
174 | * \brief Specific enthalpy of mesitylene vapor \f$\mathrm{[J/kg]}\f$. | ||
175 | * | ||
176 | * This relation is true on the vapor pressure curve, i.e. as long | ||
177 | * as there is a liquid phase present. | ||
178 | * | ||
179 | * \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ | ||
180 | * \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ | ||
181 | */ | ||
182 | 1889644 | static Scalar gasEnthalpy(Scalar temperature, Scalar pressure) | |
183 | { | ||
184 | 1889644 | return liquidEnthalpy(temperature,pressure) + heatVap(temperature, pressure); | |
185 | } | ||
186 | |||
187 | /*! | ||
188 | * \brief The density of mesitylene at a given pressure and temperature \f$\mathrm{[kg/m^3]}\f$ . | ||
189 | * | ||
190 | * \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ | ||
191 | * \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ | ||
192 | */ | ||
193 |
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2092522 | static Scalar gasDensity(Scalar temperature, Scalar pressure) |
194 | { | ||
195 |
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2092522 | return IdealGas::density(molarMass(), |
196 | temperature, | ||
197 | pressure); | ||
198 | } | ||
199 | |||
200 | /*! | ||
201 | * \brief The molar density of mesitylene in \f$\mathrm{[mol/m^3]}\f$, | ||
202 | * depending on pressure and temperature. | ||
203 | * \param temperature The temperature of the gas | ||
204 | * \param pressure The pressure of the gas | ||
205 | */ | ||
206 | 1382069 | static Scalar gasMolarDensity(Scalar temperature, Scalar pressure) | |
207 | 1382069 | { return IdealGas::molarDensity(temperature, pressure); } | |
208 | |||
209 | /*! | ||
210 | * \brief The density of pure mesitylene at a given pressure and temperature \f$\mathrm{[kg/m^3]}\f$. | ||
211 | * | ||
212 | * \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ | ||
213 | * \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ | ||
214 | */ | ||
215 | 2345425 | static Scalar liquidDensity(Scalar temperature, Scalar pressure) | |
216 | { | ||
217 |
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2345425 | return liquidMolarDensity(temperature, pressure)*molarMass(); |
218 | } | ||
219 | |||
220 | /*! | ||
221 | * \brief The molar density of pure mesitylene at a given pressure and temperature | ||
222 | * \f$\mathrm{[mol/m^3]}\f$. | ||
223 | * | ||
224 | * source : Reid et al. (1987, Modified Racket technique (chap. 3-11, eq. 3-11.9)) \cite reid1987 | ||
225 | * | ||
226 | * \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ | ||
227 | * \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ | ||
228 | */ | ||
229 | 3727494 | static Scalar liquidMolarDensity(Scalar temperature, Scalar pressure) | |
230 | { | ||
231 | using std::min; | ||
232 | using std::max; | ||
233 |
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3727494 | temperature = min(temperature, 500.0); // regularization |
234 |
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3727494 | temperature = max(temperature, 250.0); |
235 | |||
236 | 3727494 | const Scalar Z_RA = 0.2556; // from equation | |
237 | |||
238 | using std::pow; | ||
239 | 3727494 | const Scalar expo = 1.0 + pow(1.0 - temperature/criticalTemperature(), 2.0/7.0); | |
240 | 3727494 | Scalar V = Consts::R*criticalTemperature()/criticalPressure()*pow(Z_RA, expo); // liquid molar volume [cm^3/mol] | |
241 | |||
242 | 3727494 | return 1.0/V; // molar density [mol/m^3] | |
243 | } | ||
244 | |||
245 | /*! | ||
246 | * \brief Returns true if the gas phase is assumed to be compressible | ||
247 | */ | ||
248 | static constexpr bool gasIsCompressible() | ||
249 | { return true; } | ||
250 | |||
251 | /*! | ||
252 | * \brief Returns true if the gas phase is assumed to be ideal | ||
253 | */ | ||
254 | static constexpr bool gasIsIdeal() | ||
255 | { return true; } | ||
256 | |||
257 | /*! | ||
258 | * \brief Returns true if the liquid phase is assumed to be compressible | ||
259 | */ | ||
260 | static constexpr bool liquidIsCompressible() | ||
261 | { return false; } | ||
262 | |||
263 | /*! | ||
264 | * \brief The dynamic viscosity \f$\mathrm{[Pa*s]}\f$ of mesitylene vapor | ||
265 | * | ||
266 | * \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ | ||
267 | * \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ | ||
268 | */ | ||
269 | 2092519 | static Scalar gasViscosity(Scalar temperature, Scalar pressure) | |
270 | { | ||
271 | using std::min; | ||
272 | using std::max; | ||
273 |
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2092519 | temperature = min(temperature, 500.0); // regularization |
274 |
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2092519 | temperature = max(temperature, 250.0); |
275 | |||
276 | // reduced temperature | ||
277 | 2092519 | Scalar Tr = temperature/criticalTemperature(); | |
278 | |||
279 | 2092519 | Scalar Fp0 = 1.0; | |
280 | 2092519 | Scalar xi = 0.00474; | |
281 | |||
282 | using std::pow; | ||
283 | using std::exp; | ||
284 | 2092519 | Scalar eta_xi = | |
285 | 2092519 | Fp0*(0.807*pow(Tr,0.618) | |
286 | 2092519 | - 0.357*exp(-0.449*Tr) | |
287 | 2092519 | + 0.34*exp(-4.058*Tr) | |
288 | 2092519 | + 0.018); | |
289 | |||
290 | 2092519 | return eta_xi/xi/1e7; // [Pa s] | |
291 | } | ||
292 | |||
293 | /*! | ||
294 | * \brief The dynamic viscosity \f$\mathrm{[Pa*s]}\f$ of pure mesitylene. | ||
295 | * | ||
296 | * \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ | ||
297 | * \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ | ||
298 | */ | ||
299 | 2345419 | static Scalar liquidViscosity(Scalar temperature, Scalar pressure) | |
300 | { | ||
301 | using std::min; | ||
302 | using std::max; | ||
303 |
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2345419 | temperature = min(temperature, 500.0); // regularization |
304 |
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2345419 | temperature = max(temperature, 250.0); |
305 | |||
306 | 2345419 | const Scalar A = -6.749; | |
307 | 2345419 | const Scalar B = 2010.0; | |
308 | |||
309 | using std::exp; | ||
310 | 2345419 | return exp(A + B/temperature)*1e-3; // [Pa s] | |
311 | } | ||
312 | |||
313 | /*! | ||
314 | * \brief Specific heat capacity of liquid mesitylene \f$\mathrm{[J/(kg*K)]}\f$. | ||
315 | * | ||
316 | * source : Reid et al. (1987, Missenard group contrib. method (chap 5-7, Table 5-11, s. example 5-8)) \cite reid1987 | ||
317 | * | ||
318 | * \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ | ||
319 | * \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ | ||
320 | * | ||
321 | */ | ||
322 | 7558686 | static Scalar liquidHeatCapacity(const Scalar temperature, | |
323 | const Scalar pressure) | ||
324 | { | ||
325 | /* according Reid et al. : Missenard group contrib. method (s. example 5-8) */ | ||
326 | /* Mesitylen: C9H12 : 3* CH3 ; 1* C6H5 (phenyl-ring) ; -2* H (this was to much!) */ | ||
327 | /* linear interpolation between table values [J/(mol K)]*/ | ||
328 | Scalar H, CH3, C6H5; | ||
329 |
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7558686 | if(temperature<298.) { |
330 | // extrapolation for Temperature<273 */ | ||
331 | 7371933 | H = 13.4+1.2*(temperature-273.0)/25.; // 13.4 + 1.2 = 14.6 = H(T=298K) i.e. interpolation of table values 273<T<298 | |
332 | 7371933 | CH3 = 40.0+1.6*(temperature-273.0)/25.; // 40 + 1.6 = 41.6 = CH3(T=298K) | |
333 | 7371933 | C6H5 = 113.0+4.2*(temperature-273.0)/25.; // 113 + 4.2 =117.2 = C6H5(T=298K) | |
334 | } | ||
335 |
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186753 | else if((temperature>=298.0)&&(temperature<323.)){ // i.e. interpolation of table values 298<T<323 |
336 | 107398 | H = 14.6+0.9*(temperature-298.0)/25.; | |
337 | 107398 | CH3 = 41.6+1.9*(temperature-298.0)/25.; | |
338 | 107398 | C6H5 = 117.2+6.2*(temperature-298.0)/25.; | |
339 | } | ||
340 |
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79355 | else if((temperature>=323.0)&&(temperature<348.)){// i.e. interpolation of table values 323<T<348 |
341 | 79355 | H = 15.5+1.2*(temperature-323.0)/25.; | |
342 | 79355 | CH3 = 43.5+2.3*(temperature-323.0)/25.; | |
343 | 79355 | C6H5 = 123.4+6.3*(temperature-323.0)/25.; | |
344 | } | ||
345 | else { | ||
346 | ✗ | assert(temperature>=348.0); | |
347 | |||
348 | /* take care: extrapolation for Temperature>373 */ | ||
349 | ✗ | H = 16.7+2.1*(temperature-348.0)/25.; /* leads probably to underestimates */ | |
350 | ✗ | CH3 = 45.8+2.5*(temperature-348.0)/25.; | |
351 | ✗ | C6H5 = 129.7+6.3*(temperature-348.0)/25.; | |
352 | } | ||
353 | |||
354 | 7558686 | return (C6H5 + 3*CH3 - 2*H)/molarMass(); // J/(mol K) -> J/(kg K) | |
355 | } | ||
356 | |||
357 | /*! | ||
358 | * \brief Thermal conductivity \f$\mathrm{[[W/(m*K)]}\f$ of mesitylene | ||
359 | * | ||
360 | * see: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ci000139t | ||
361 | * | ||
362 | * \param temperature absolute temperature in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ | ||
363 | * \param pressure of the phase in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ | ||
364 | */ | ||
365 | static Scalar liquidThermalConductivity( Scalar temperature, Scalar pressure) | ||
366 | { | ||
367 | return 0.1351; | ||
368 | } | ||
369 | }; | ||
370 | |||
371 | } // end namespace Dumux::Components | ||
372 | |||
373 | #endif | ||
374 |